I'm reading Collar and Daniell's First Year in Latin right now and they mention that Latin has no articles such as "a", "an", and "the". Is this true? I have heard the book be inaccurate before.
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9Note that Latin is hardly special in this regard. Most Slavic languages (like Polish or Russian) have no articles either, for example.– Sebastian KoppehelCommented Mar 30, 2020 at 6:28
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1A.A. Milne's book "Winnie the Pooh" has been translated into Latin under the title "Winnie Ille Pu".– A.k.a. DemicCommented Mar 30, 2020 at 11:26
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2... and other languages only have a definite article ("the"), and no indefinite article ("a/an"), e.g., Hebrew.– Stephan KolassaCommented Mar 30, 2020 at 12:00
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1@StephanKolassa: And, conversely, some have indefinite articles but no definite articles. The World Atlas of Linguistic Structures, Chapter 37 includes 45 such languages, including Japanese, Persian, and Cantonese. (Chapter 38 includes 98 languages with definite articles but no indefinite articles, including Icelandic, Welsh, and various forms of Arabic.)– ruakhCommented Mar 31, 2020 at 0:40
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1@A.k.a.Demic In that context ille has a meaning something like 'the well-known', rather than the plain definite article.– dbmag9Commented Apr 1, 2020 at 14:57
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6 Answers
The book is correct. There is no equivalent to "the" in Classical Latin.
In Vulgar Latin, the demonstrative ille (which means "that" in Classical Latin) got bleached into a definite article, with a meaning similar to English "the". That's where forms like Spanish el, Italian il, French le, and so on come from. But that wasn't good Classical style.
answered Mar 30, 2020 at 2:54
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2Another interesting case is Romanian, where various forms of ille/illa morphed into enclitic definite articles, e.g. om (man) → omul (the man), muiere (woman) → muierea (the woman) etc. Commented Mar 31, 2020 at 20:33
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Per some article I read, the word "the" is the most common word in spoken/written English. What gives? Most common words– HudjefaCommented Apr 10 at 4:58
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2@AgentSmith The most common in English, true, but Latin isn't English! In Latin, my bet would be that the most common word is est, "is".– Draconis ♦Commented Apr 10 at 5:21
As discussed here:
When did the word "ly" enter the Latin language and where did it come from?
the word "ly" is occasionally used as a definite article in mediaeval Church Latin.
There is no article in Latin. You just don't translate it. "The girl is the servant of the lady" = "puella est ancilla matronae".
However, there are some cases where an article may be translated with various words: this happens when you're not really using "the" or "a" as an article, but to mean "the famous", "that famous", "a certain". For instance: "the teacher is wise" = "magister savius est", but "the famous teacher is wise" = "ille magister savius est". "A certain Flavius" may be rendered as "Flavius aliquis", literally "someone Flavius". This is especially true with proper names: "ille Cato, censor perclarus". This in particular explains the "Winnie ille Pu" example.
There is one Romance language, namely Sardinian, in which it was not the demonstrative "ille" to get bleached into the definite article but where the definite article derives from the Latin word ipse (the same), and so it became su (masc.), sa (fem.)
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1This doesn't really answer the question, but it's very nice to know. I knew about the "sa" article in Sardinian, but I had no idea it came from "ipsa".– SimoneCommented Mar 31, 2020 at 12:27
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1Eh, it answers it for a dialect of vulgar Latin which developed into Sardinian. It's as valid in its way as the classical bias pretending lower-class Latin didn't use ille and intensifiers for clarity.– llyCommented Mar 31, 2020 at 18:48
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Not only Sardinian. Some dialects of Catalan did, too. Nowadays the articles es/sa, from ipsus, are restricted to the Balearic Islands and a few locations in North Eastern Catalonia, but thew used to be common in a larger area.– PereCommented Mar 31, 2020 at 19:49
The other answers already covered the most important part of your question but since you did mention
..."a", "an"...
you do know those are just archaic forms of "one" and the way to express that is unus, una, unum, right? Similar to Chinese, though, Classical Latin can express this idea but usually just doesn't bother to. Use unus &c. in places where you might say "one" or really want to emphasize the "a" (eg, when you'd pronounce it /aɪ/ instead of /ə/). More often, rather than repeat unum every other sentence, Classical Latin depended on context or synonyms like ullus/a/um ("any") and certus/a/um ("a certain...").
In lower class/vulgar/medieval Latin, of course, unus/a/um became more and more common, which is where you get French un(e), Spanish uno/a, &c.
You can use "is, ea, id." It's used sort of like an adjective; its a softer demonstrative and is often used to mean "he, her, it," on its own. But you could say "is frater" to mean "THE brother," although the common translation is "this/that brother."