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The Satyricon actually contains your exact "Beware of the dog" example, in chapter 29: Ad sinistram enim intrantibus non longe ab ostiarii cella canis ingens, catena vinctus, in pariete erat pictu …

It seems like memoriam meam fugit or memoria me fefellit would be good candidates. Here are some relevant passages I've found: ...et si qua sunt alia, quae nunc memoriam meam fugiunt (Columella, De R …

Cingo or accingo "gird" might be what you're looking for. In the passive (with a reflexive meaning), these verbs are often used in the sense of "prepare for" (some effort). Lewis and Short on cingo: …

One way of expressing surprise is to add the word nam to a question, which seems to add a sense of "... and I really have no idea what the answer is". Lewis and Short (section III of the entry) descri …

Actually, verbs translatable as "must", such as debet, necesse est and particularly oportet, do often express this type of epistemic (as opposed to deontic) meaning in Latin. This book chapter on "M …

I'm not sure there is an equivalent phrasal idiom in Greek, but the verb συγκινδυνεύω "run a risk together with someone" can be used to express this idea; here's an example from Plato's Philebus (29a): …

There are a lot of ways of translating any given phrase into Latin, so you may get a variety of suggestions. I'd go with: Pro ea facito Facito is a so-called "future imperative", which is a form …

As Joel Derfner points out, the quote comes from the Stoic philosopher Epictetus, and is originally in Greek; it can be found here, in a collection of his sayings by his student Arrian, in the form ἀ …

Donare seems like a pretty good fit. L&S: "To give one something as a present; to present, bestow; to grant, vouchsafe, confer ... to present one with any thing".

There are other languages (including I think Romance languages) which have a similar idiom. (Btw, I can't understand the last sentence of your question.) …

The only thing you're missing is ūnā, which here is an adverb meaning "together". See L&S, part C of the entry. As for the second sentence, yes, in a multi-sentence passage of indirect discourse it's …

Yes, it was proverbial by Plato's time. He quotes the saying in the Laws (753e): ἀρχὴ γὰρ λέγεται μὲν ἥμισυ παντὸς ἐν ταῖς παροιμίαις ἔργου "For it is said in proverbs that the beginning is half …

It's a way of intensifying the superlative: "of the very highest..." L&S, s.v. vel, II.B: " With superlatives, to denote the highest possible degree, the very; the utmost; the most...possible."

Neither genitive nor ablative: secundum takes the accusative, so the phrase would be secundum legem latam. You can usually find which case a preposition takes from its dictionary entry.

Another option (in addition to the several excellent ones in answers so far) is to use (in) loco + gen., as in the phrase in loco parentis "as a parent, in the position of a parent". Lewis and Short …