Saying that Italian noun and adjective forms are derived from Latin accusative forms is a simplification. The nominative is also a source in some cases, such as for the singular form of the noun uomo. In other cases, neither the Classical Latin nominative nor the Classical Latin accusative seems to be sufficient to explain the form of an Italian word (because of things like reanalysis of stems or nouns moving to different noun classes).
But it does seem likely that in general/overall, the accusative forms had more of an influence on the development of the Italian forms than the ablative forms specifically, because as far as I know there is in the great majority of cases nothing particular to Latin ablative forms that helps explain the Italian forms. Phonetically, the ablative form is fairly similar to the accusative form in Latin in many situations. They are built on the same stem, and frequently differ only by the presence or absence of final m and/or the length or quality of the vowel in the last syllable; in the situations where the accusative and ablative forms are most distinct (like in the first- or third-declension plural) we don't see a reflex in Italian of the Latin ablative endings.
I plan to edit this post later with more references and description of the particulars. In the meantime, I want to link to this WordReference thread with some prior discussion: Accusative declension from Latin -> Italian
Note also that this answer does not address the topic of changes in the use of ablative case in different stages of Latin. I'm sorry if I approach off-topicness in this post, which deals more with Italian forms really than with questions of Latin usage. There is one area mentioned below where it seems knowledge of Old Latin endings may be relevant, although I would have to do more research to confirm what Wikipedia says about this.
#Singular forms
As far as I know, just based on regular sound changes, we would expect the same reflexes in Italian for the accusative and the ablative cases in the first-declension singular (Latin /am#/ and /aː/ both go to Italian /a/), the second-declension singular (Latin /um#/ and /oː/ both go to Italian /o/), and the third-declension singular (non i-stems) for non-neuter nouns (Latin /em#/ and /e/ both go to Italian /e/ in unstressed syllables, although in some words, like città, this was later lost).
In the comments, Draconis mentioned the fourth-declension nouns as a possible case where we would expect different reflexes for the accusative and ablative, but I actually don't know of any evidence against /o/ as the regular Italian reflex of Latin /uː/ in word-final unstressed syllables (and there seems to be some separate evidence for it: see the last paragraph below). Also, we know in any case that fourth-declension nouns could be transferred to the second-declension pattern by analogy in the precursors to the Romance languages.
I don't know of any sign of Latin third-declension i-stem ablative singular forms in -ī contributing to Italian, but the use of -ī vs. -e was somewhat variable even in Classical Latin.
Latin third-declension neuter nouns are I believe a relatively small group compared to all of the above. They seem to have developed in/been taken into Italian in various ways, which probably reflect phenomena like reanalysis of stems, noun-class shifts, and learned borrowings. Misc. examples: fiume, fiumi from Latin flumen; corpo, corpi from Latin corpus. The Italian words femore, -i; crimine, -i; inguine, -i; and onere, -i obviously cannot be from the Classical Latin nominative or accusative singular forms of femur, crimen, inguen, onus.
So overall, Italian singular forms seem to give no strong indications of whether they are from the Latin accusative vs. the Latin ablative form; but sound changes explain this.
#Plural forms
Italian plural forms actually don't just seem to be from Latin accusative forms, but also from Latin nominative forms. (And it's sometimes difficult to tell, because there are cases like neuter nouns or third-declension nouns where the nominative and accusative forms are identical in Classical Latin).
But there is stronger evidence in the plural that Italian forms are not from Classical Latin ablative forms: the only type of noun I can find where that looks at all plausible is words that were second-declension (ending in /iːs/ in the ablative plural) in Latin, and that end in -i in Italian, but it seems more straightforward to analyze the Italian ending of these words as coming from the Latin nominative plural suffix -i.
Wikipedia has an article "Romance plurals" (which has a disclaimer saying it needs to be better sourced, so take all of this with as many grains of salt as appropriate) that gives an overview of some theories about the origin of the Italian plural suffixes -i and -e.
###Plural -i
The Italian plural in "-i" for masculine words that end in "-o" in the singular seems to be descended from the Latin second-declension masculine nominative plural suffix in "-i". (I guess the Latin ablative "-i:s" would produce an indistinguishable result from the nominative with loss of "s", but I doubt that the ablative had an influence in this area, based on what we see with the other types of plural nouns.)
###Plural -e
It is apparently somewhat tricky to explain the exact development of the Italian plural in "-e" for feminine words that end in "-a" in the singular, but the Latin first-declension plural ablative ending /i:s/ seems to have definitely had zero influence on any Italian forms, so I would say the first-declension plural is an area where it doesn't make sense to treat the ablative case as the "origin" of Italian forms.
Basically, what Wikipedia says is that the Italian plural ending "-e" is generally thought to be from /aːs/ (via some sequence of sound changes along the lines of *as > *ai̯ / _#, followed by *ai̯ > e in unstressed syllables). The Wikipedia article supports this etymology with the following arguments (among others):
Italian plural -e is apparently never associated with alteration of a preceding /k/ or /g/, as would be expected if it were from Latin ae, which developed fairly early on in the ancestors of the Romance languages to a monophthongal front vowel. The example given is amico, amici vs. amica, amiche. But I would say this argument is slightly weakened by the fact that there are also words in Italian that don't alter /k/ or /g/ before the masculine plural suffix /i/, presumably due to analogical leveling (like fuoco, fuochi).
the change *as > *ai̯ / _# is apparently supported by words like tu stai < tū stās.
But the Wikipedia article suggests that this /aːs/ may not have just been taken from the Classical Latin accusative plural ending, but might instead represent a retention in Vulgar Latin of the archaic first-declension nominative plural ending -ās. Old French, which maintained the Latin nominative-accusative distinction for a while in the form of a two-case nominative-oblique system, used the ending "-es" for both nominative feminine plurals and oblique feminine plurals. The Wikipedia article points out that this supports the idea that "Proto-Romance had nominative plural -ĀS, not *-AE" (bolding added by me, to emphasize that this is talking about forms in a language that has not yet lost the nominative-accusative distinction in general). But the evidence from French doesn't indicate how Proto-(Italo-Western?)Romance developed the form -ĀS.
According to "The Italian Plural Formative -e" (Helmut Lüdtke, in Italic and Romance: Linguistic studies in honor of Ernst Pulgram, edited by Herbert J. Izzo, 1980), the Italian feminine plural article le has been proposed to come from either Latin ILLAE, ILLAS or ILLAEC (which he says was proposed by Merlo as a formation on the analogy of HAEC) (p. 122).
Lüdtke argues that the *as > *ai̯ > e sound-change explanation cannot account for the existence of syntactic doubling in some Italian dialects after this article, something that usually occurs as the reflex of a former consonant cluster. Because of this, he argues that the vowel in the suffix must have changed before the loss of the final consonant; he assumes this vowel change was analogical (suggesting -as changed to -es under the influence of either third-declension -es, the Classical Latin nominative ending -ae, or the influence of QUAE on ILLA). I'm not sure what to think about this but in any case, Lüdtke agrees with the Wikipedia article about the ultimate source of Italian plural -e being Latin -as, although Lüdtke does describe this as an accusative form (p. 123).
Interestingly, he also mentions the existence of two "marginal zones ... the northwestern corner of Tuscany ... and the Bregaglia Valley ... where we find the plural type la porta" which he says is from ILLAS PORTAS with loss of the final /s/ without a change of the vowel in the final syllable (p. 124).
###No plural *-evo
I can find no example of an Italian word that seems to have the reflex of the Latin third- and fourth-declension ablative plural ending -ibus (I don't even know what it would be expected to look like with Italian sound changes; my best guess is *evo). Italian words ending in -e in the singular instead take the plural ending -i, which Wikipedia indicates may have come from Latin nominative or accusative -ēs (via the sound change *es > *ei̯ / _#, followed by *ei̯ > i in unstressed syllables), or, via analogy, from the plural in -i that developed in second-declension words.
###Plural -a
Some Italian nouns end in -a in the plural: this goes back to the Latin neuter nominative/singular plural ending. Since Latin neuter nouns always have the same form in nominative and accusative, this doesn't provide evidence one way or the other for choosing between these cases as the origin, but it does provide evidence against taking the ablative as the origin.
###Plural -o
Apparently, in dialectal forms of Italian and in some related languages, certain words descended from Latin fourth-declension nouns like fico can or could take plurals in -o; this appears to have developed from Latin -ūs, and again, while this could be either from the Latin nominative plural or accusative plural, it couldn't be from the Classical Latin ablative plural.
#Notes about notation
In my transcriptions of Latin, I am using the same IPA symbols for long and short vowels since the length marker is enough to disambiguate what phoneme I am talking about. I used the symbol "#" to represent a word boundary: "am" developed to "a" word-finally in Romance, but generally had other developments when it occured in other positions in Latin words (e.g. "amo" or "cambio"). Something like "*as > *ai̯ / _#" means "/as/ became /ai̯/ in word-final contexts".