I've seen the phrase in both wordings E pluribus unum and Ex pluribus unum. Which one is correct?
See my follow-up question for the double meaning of this phrase.
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4Related: Why “ex nihilo” instead of “e nihilo”? – Nathaniel is protesting Aug 8 '17 at 15:01
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2Also related: How to say, “Many are not one?” – Rafael Aug 8 '17 at 15:56
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Both ex and e are correct before consonants, with ex more common (confirmed by Lewis and Short), while ex is of course required before vowels. In his Confessions, St Augustine wrote (IV.8) "flagrare animos et ex pluribus unum facere". As a motto of the USA, I believe it is always "e pluribus unum".
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Google's ngram viewer appears to disagree (at least in regards to usage post 1800) – Strawberry Aug 8 '17 at 16:46
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1@Strawberry That would be greatly biased by it being the motto of the USA, though. – Graipher Aug 8 '17 at 16:56
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@Strawberry Ah, I did not actually check how large the difference was... – Graipher Aug 8 '17 at 16:58
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3A 1923 article in The Classical Journal gives the first proven use of the phrase "e pluribus unum" as 1692 and suggests it is an adaptation of a slightly different phrase - de pluribus una - in Horace. link As stated in another answer, in classical Latin ex pluribus seems to be much more common than e pluribus, though both are good Latin. – user1861 Aug 8 '17 at 19:43
The general rule for the use of e and ex as prepositions can be found in Latin grammars like Gildersleeve's:
Ē is used before consonants only, ex before both vowels and consonants. (§417.6)
Lewis and Short write that ex is still more common than e in front of consonants, but that some forms tend to use e:
ex or ē (ex always before vowels, and elsewh. more freq. than e; e. g. in Cic. Rep. e occurs 19 times, but ex 61 times, before consonants—but no rule can be given for the usage; cf., e. g., ex and e together: qui ex corporum vinculis tamquam e carcere evolaverunt, Cic. Rep. 6, 14. But certain expressions have almost constantly the same form, as ex parte, ex sententia, ex senatus consulto, ex lege, ex tempore, etc.; but e regione, e re nata, e vestigio, e medio, and e republica used adverbially. (source)
With respect to the word pluribus, PHI's concordance of Classical Latin gives 108 instances of ex preceding it, and only five of e. One of the latter reads as follows:
paulatim singula uires deperdunt proprias, color est e pluribus unus, nec totus uiridis, quia lactea frusta repugnant, nec de lacte nitens, quia tot uariatur ab herbis. (Appendix Vergiliana, Moretum 1, 101–4)
So both are correct, and in Classical Latin at least, ex is more common.
answered Aug 8 '17 at 15:22
