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When translating the word "family" into Latin it seems obvious to go to "familia". However, multiple sources (most quoting Richard Saller) tell me that "familia" derives from "famulus" (servant/slave) and in classical Latin would have referred to the houshold staff of slaves.

The next equivalent suggested to me is "domus", which does include the actual family members, but the slaves as well.

I found "progenies" and "cognatio" which seem to refer more specifically to blood relations, but as I understand them cast a wider net, covering basically the whole family tree.

Is there a word that's an equivalent of what we would mean by "family" in modern English, i.e. one's non-extended family (such as spouse, children, parents and siblings etc) or one family household?

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  • It seems to me the English word “family” is a bit broader than that too (if not as broad as Latin familia). You seem to be looking for a Latin word for “nuclear family.” Aug 7, 2020 at 17:20
  • @SebastianKoppehel Maybe, yes. I was coming at it from a "what does an ordinary person mean by "my family" in everyday conversation" angle, i.e. "I went on a vacation with my family" or "I would die for my family", but nuclear family might be a more precise term.
    – Pahlavan
    Aug 8, 2020 at 10:17
  • Related: Most masculine plural nouns can refer to both genders, but on rare occasions Latin does prefer using both nouns. Is filius one of those situations? Can you say uxor filiique for "wife and kids"? Or do you need to say "uxor, filii, filiae* or the like, which is too long to be convenient?
    – C Monsour
    Aug 8, 2020 at 12:39
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    @CMonsour Yes, you can. (According to L&S: Filii, in gen., children.) Which makes parentes filiique actually a good candidate. Aug 8, 2020 at 20:11
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    @SebastianKoppehel That does still have the same ambiguity as the English phrase. It can refer to one's parents and one's children. Is there a Latin word for "married couple"? If so, that would be less ambiguous than parentes.
    – C Monsour
    Aug 9, 2020 at 13:48

1 Answer 1

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+50

Since you don't specify an age, I have two answers for you, one for ecclesiastical Latin and one for classical.


Ecclesiastical Latin

In short: familia and (apparently) familiaris consortio are good in church Latin.

Indeed, in ecclesiastical Latin, familia is used commonly (shall I even say perferably?) in this sense. A prominent example is a 1981 document by Pope St. John Paul II, titled Familiaris Consortio on the role of the christian family in the modern world (quote from the official English translation).

It even seems, that the title itself was intended to further exclude ambiguity from the meaning. All the official translations I can understand, straightforwardly translate familiaris consortio in the text as family. (And from the document it is pretty clear it refers to the nuclear family).


Classical Latin

Regarding classical Latin, I am pretty convinced that there is no single word to mean family in the modern sense, and that the disambiguation must come from context or from more words. The L&S entry on familia offers a relevant argument and a few alternatives, when enumerating the meanings in the main entry:

the slaves in a household, a household establishment, family servants, domestics (not = family, i. e. wife and children, domus, or mei, tui, sui, etc., but v. II. A. 3 infra [emphasys mine]

So it's generally not equal to family, for which you have domus and the possessives (both obviously ambiguous), or something like parentes filiique (or uxor filiique mei, etc.), as discussed in the comments to your question.

The referred meaning II. A. 3 clearly states:

a family, the members of a household, = domus (rare), [emphasys mine, again]

(which I think is what we all knew: it can mean family, but this meaning is rare and for that the word domus is better, even if its primary meaning is house).

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    One thing I noticed in the L&S passage: would it be possible to simply use mei/tui/sui in the sense of "my/your/his people" and derive from context that it refers to family? It sort of has the same problem as domus in that it might include more people than what I'm looking for, and it's probably even less specific and more reliant on context, but otherwise quite elegant.
    – Pahlavan
    Aug 14, 2020 at 9:17
  • @Pahlavan, yes, indeed: that is what Lewis and Short say. The entry suus, meaning II.A.1 offers a few examples
    – Rafael
    Aug 14, 2020 at 12:54

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